All travellers from Spain to the UK must self-isolate at home for two weeks, the Department for Transport (DfT) has announced.

In addition, the Foreign Office says mainland Spain poses “an unacceptably high risk for British travellers,” and now advises against all non-essential travel there – but not the Balearic and Canary Islands.

Travel insurance for British holidaymakers already in Spain will remain in effect; UK travellers in Spain are not being advised to leave.

But anyone travelling to the mainland against Foreign Office advice will find their policy is invalid.

The sudden moves, in response to several spikes of coronavirus infection in Aragon, Navarra and Catalonia, will affect several hundred thousand British people currently on holiday there.

A further 3 million people are estimated to be booked to travel from the UK to Spain in the next month alone; it is by far the most popular destination for British holidaymakers.

These are the key questions and answers.

What has changed?

On 8 June the UK government imposed a blanket requirement for all incoming travellers by air, sea and rail to self-isolate for two weeks. This was lifted for dozens of countries, including Spain, on 10 July.

But 16 days after England, Wales and Northern Ireland removed the quarantine requirement from Spain (and just a few days after Scotland did the same), the obligation has been reimposed.

For British holidaymakers currently in Spain, it is shocking news. When they set off, they were not expecting to have to quarantine on their return.

But they are now learning that they must go home from the airport or sea port and stay there for two weeks.

What exactly does quarantine involve?

Arriving travellers are required to go direct to their home or to other suitable accommodation. They may do so by public transport.

The “quarantinee” must immediately self-isolate for 14 days, timed from the day following their arrival.

A holidaymaker who flew out to Spain for a week’s holiday on the last no-quarantine day, 25 July, will return on 1 August.

Their self-isolation must begin immediately, but the clock starts ticking only on 2 August – and so the first time they will be able to venture out is immediately after midnight on 16 August.

Meanwhile they can leave home only for medical assistance, to attend court or a funeral – or to go shopping for essentials if there is no one else who can supply provisions.

Leaving home for work, exercise, socialising or walking the dog is not permitted.

But I am a key worker and must return to my job the day after my return. Surely I am exempt?

Almost certainly not. Most of the exemptions are very narrowly defined and cover either transport professionals or key workers travelling from abroad to the UK specifically on government business. Holidays do not count.

What about important family obligations?

You will not be able to leave your house to meet any such commitments during quarantine, unless they involve a court case or, heaven forbid, a funeral,

I have a package holiday booked for late July/August. What are my rights?

Package holidays to mainland Spain will not operate because the Foreign Office regards the area as too dangerous.

This does not apply to the Balearics (including Mallorca, Menorca and Ibiza) and the Canaries (including Tenerife, Gran Canaria and Lanzarote). For these destinations, there is no legal entitlement to cancel and get a refund.

Tui cancelled departures on Sunday morning, 26 July, but the aircraft took off anyway to collect passengers from Spain.

The company said: “Tui UK have taken the decision to cancel all holidays to mainland Spain up to and including Sunday 9 August 2020.”

But in an unprecedented move it is offering passengers who are able to accommodate the new quarantine restrictions the chance to travel to the Balearic Islands and Canary Islands as planned from Monday 27 July.

Travellers with holidays from 10 August will be updated on Friday 31 July.

“All customers currently on holiday can continue to enjoy their holiday and will return on their intended flight home,” Tui said.

People whose packages are cancelled will be entitled to a full refund, but can choose an alternative holiday or a voucher for future travel if they prefer.

A spokesperson for Jet2 said: “Following the latest government advice regarding travel to the UK from Spain, we are advising customers to arrive for their flights as normal as we are continuing to operate our scheduled programme to and from Mainland Spain, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands.

“We are still operating flights and holidays to four destinations in Mainland Spain (Costa de Almeria, Alicante, Malaga and Murcia), which are open and are located away from areas which have been impacted by increased cases of Covid-19.

“We are also continuing to operate flights and holidays to our destinations in the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands as scheduled.

“Because the FCO travel advice to these destinations remains unchanged, our usual terms and conditions apply. As always, we advise customers to purchase appropriate travel insurance before travelling.

“This is a fast-moving situation, which we will continue to monitor very closely.”

Under the Package Travel Regulations, people whose trips are cancelled should get their money back within two weeks, but that time limit is unlikely to be met given the extreme stress on the travel industry.

I have booked a “DIY” trip, with flights, accommodation and car rental all booked separately. Can I get my money back?

It will be difficult. Despite the sudden quarantine decision, there is every chance that your flight will still be operating. After all, there are plenty of people who will be expecting to be flown home from Spain, and so many outbound flights will be running.

If the departure goes ahead as planned, the airline is legally entitled to refuse a refund even though you have compelling reasons not to go – such as work or family commitments.

However, easyJet has said that it will offer options to passengers booked to Spain in the near future, enabling them to switch journeys or take a voucher.

Britain’s biggest budget airline tweeted: “We are monitoring the situation and continue to provide some flexibility for those who, if they no longer wish to travel, can transfer flights without a change fee or receive a voucher for the value of their booking.

“We plan to operate our full schedule in the coming days.”

British Airways said: “Customers who decide they no longer wish to travel are able to claim a voucher for future travel.”

A Ryanair spokesperson told The Independent: “For non-cancelled flights, standard T&Cs apply.

“Passengers who do not wish to travel on their booked flight can move it to another date, in which case, a flight change fee and the difference in fare may apply.”

While new bookings until September offer no flight-change fee flexibility, for other booking this is £35 to £95 per flight.

Any accommodation or car-rental flexibility will depend on the deal you agreed with the supplier, and their attitude. They may be prepared to allow you to postpone – but are unlikely to offer you any cash back.

If you have a good insurance policy issued before mid-March, you may be able to claim for unavoidable losses.

Can I dodge quarantine by returning from Spain via France, Gibraltar or another third country?

No. Every traveller to the UK must complete a passenger locator form, in which they are expected to spell out the countries they have visited in the past two weeks.

Any hacks to limit the time spent in self-isolation?

The only way to reduce the extent of quarantine is to leave the country again. But any days remaining of your “sentence” will still need to be served when you return from this second trip.

So if you return from Spain on 1 August, and leave for France on 4 August for a week, you will still be expected to remain at home thereafter until 16 August.

What happens if I break quarantine?

The penalty for failing to comply is £1,000 (reduced to £480 in Scotland).

Who is checking up?

The public health authorities have been making some tracking calls, though the majority of holidaymakers arriving recently from quarantine-obligatory countries appear not to have been contacted.

The resources that will now be required to quarantine will make it challenging for officials to keep tabs on travellers.

The Independent is unaware of any fines being issued for breaches of quarantine, even though the Brexit Party leader, Nigel Farage, appeared to have clearly broken the rules following his trip to a Donald Trump rally in Tulsa, US.

Kent Police, which would have been responsible for issuing the penalty, told The Independent it has issued none.

Why has the whole of Spain been included?

Presumably to keep the message simple. The authorities in the four UK nations could have applied the rule for the specific regions of Spain, notably Catalonia and Aragon, where the most significant spikes have occurred.

Instead, they have chosen to enforce the policy for the whole country – including the Balearics and Canary Islands, where the numbers remain low enough for the Foreign Office to exclude them from its warning.

This has the possibly unintended consequence of persuading British travellers, who would be at low risk of contracting coronavirus in the Spanish islands, to stay in the UK – increasing the danger to them.

The reason may simply be as banal as the Passenger Locator Form for arriving passengers being designed to deal with whole countries, not parts of them.

What effect will this decision have on the travel industry?

Utter devastation. Just as the travel industry thought 2020 could get no worst, it has. Airlines and holiday companies are already on their knees after the worst four months in their history.

The immediate damage in terms of refunds for cancelled package holidays will run into many tens of millions of pounds.

Airlines that had been hoping to exploit an apparent appetite for Spanish holidays to help fill flights in late July and August now face the prospect of no fresh bookings. They may also have to cancel planned departures because it could be less financially ruinous to pay out refunds than to operate half-empty planes.

The longer-term effects could be even worse.

The weekend when the government chose to make the decision was the busiest so far this summer. Many holidaymakers were setting off on long-planned trips that would provide a welcome escape after months of lockdown.

Instead, many find themselves confused and anxious.

Travel, previously the industry of human happiness, depends on confidence. Now that many dream trips have turned into nightmares, bookings for September and October are now likely to dry up – not just for Spain, but for every other country.

Quarantine is now regarded as the “Martini menace” because the obligation for travellers to self-isolate can evidently be brought in anytime, any place, anywhere.

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